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可以参考官方文章进行体验：spring.io/blog/2023/0…[1]
通过官方快速得到一个基于jdk21的项目：start.spring.io/[2]

快速体验（二进制部署）

@RestController
@SpringBootApplication
public class DemoApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
    }

    @GetMapping("/customers")
    Collection<Customer> customers() {
        return Set.of(new Customer(1, "A"), new Customer(2, "B"), new Customer(3, "C"));
    }

    record Customer(Integer id, String name) {
    }
}

启动非常快，秒启动

压测环境内存占用大概70MB左右，空闲时在20MB左右（由于直接打成二进制文件了，不能再使用jconsole、arthas之类的进行监控了），性能上由于不需要JVM预热，性能启动即巅峰。

$ ab -c 50 -n 10000 http://localhost:8080/customers
Server Software:
Server Hostname:        localhost
Server Port:            8080

Document Path:          /customers
Document Length:        61 bytes

Concurrency Level:      50
Time taken for tests:   1.413 seconds
Complete requests:      10000
Failed requests:        0
Total transferred:      1660000 bytes
HTML transferred:       610000 bytes
Requests per second:    7076.39 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       7.066 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       0.141 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          1147.15 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:        0    2   8.0      2     144
Processing:     1    5   6.7      4     147
Waiting:        0    4   5.6      3     145
Total:          1    7  10.4      6     149

快速体验（jar部署）

jar包占用只有19MB，已经不能算是小胖jar了😊

内存占用在压测时大概在200MB左右，空闲时在160MB左右。性能显然也不是启动即巅峰，可以看出其实还是需要进行JVM预热才能达到性能巅峰的

$ ab -c 50 -n 10000 http://localhost:8080/customers
Server Software:
Server Hostname:        localhost
Server Port:            8080

Document Path:          /customers
Document Length:        61 bytes

Concurrency Level:      50
Time taken for tests:   17.930 seconds
Complete requests:      10000
Failed requests:        0
Total transferred:      1660000 bytes
HTML transferred:       610000 bytes
Requests per second:    557.72 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       89.651 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       1.793 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          90.41 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:        0   38 430.2      2    7004
Processing:     0   14  90.4      8    1773
Waiting:        0   12  88.7      6    1771
Total:          1   53 439.0     10    7011

对比golang

package main

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "flag"
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
)

var port = flag.String("p", "8080", "please input port")

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/customers", func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
        data, _ := json.Marshal(request.URL)
        writer.Write(data)
    })
    e := make(chan error)
    go func() {
        e <- fmt.Errorf("error[%v]", http.ListenAndServe(":"+*port, nil))
    }()
    fmt.Println("http 服务器启动...")
    fmt.Println(<-e)
}

这里golang没有使用框架，仅使用标准库，所以内存占用较低，仅10MB左右，不过即使使用Gin之类的web框架，内存也不会超过20MB

$ ab -c 50 -n 10000 http://localhost:8080/customers
Server Software:
Server Hostname:        localhost
Server Port:            8080

Document Path:          /customers
Document Length:        161 bytes

Concurrency Level:      50
Time taken for tests:   1.380 seconds
Complete requests:      10000
Failed requests:        0
Total transferred:      2790000 bytes
HTML transferred:       1610000 bytes
Requests per second:    7247.68 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       6.899 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       0.138 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          1974.71 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:        0    2  16.5      2     459
Processing:     0    4  27.9      2     460
Waiting:        0    2  10.5      2     459
Total:          1    7  32.3      4     462

对比Rust

[dependencies]
actix-web = "4"
use actix_web::{get, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpServer, Responder};

#[get("/customers")]
async fn echo(req: HttpRequest) -> impl Responder {
    let url = req.uri().to_string();
    HttpResponse::Ok().body(url)
}


#[actix_web::main]
async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    HttpServer::new(|| {
        App::new()
            .service(echo)
    })
    .bind(("127.0.0.1", 8080))?
    .run()
    .await
}

Actix-web空闲时内存占用大概3MB左右，压测时占用大概6MB左右

$ ab -c 50 -n 10000 http://localhost:8080/customers
Server Software:
Server Hostname:        127.0.0.1
Server Port:            8080

Document Path:          /customers
Document Length:        10 bytes

Concurrency Level:      50
Time taken for tests:   1.091 seconds
Complete requests:      10000
Failed requests:        0
Total transferred:      860000 bytes
HTML transferred:       100000 bytes
Requests per second:    9163.48 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request:       5.456 [ms] (mean)
Time per request:       0.109 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate:          769.59 [Kbytes/sec] received

Connection Times (ms)
              min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
Connect:        0    2  11.0      2     189
Processing:     0    3   7.0      3     190
Waiting:        0    2   7.0      2     189
Total:          2    5  13.1      4     193

rust虽然有非常厉害的零成本抽象，但作为代价其编译时间会比较长（在实际项目中真的特别长😢）

$ time cargo build
cargo build  213.00s user 23.08s system 258% cpu 1:31.39 total

结论

AOT-processed已经相对成熟，效果可以说非常惊艳，解决了JVM启动慢、需要预热、内存占用大等问题。

美中不足的是编译速度非常慢，笔者电脑是2017款mac book pro编译花费大概15分钟左右

 Finished generating 'demo' in 14m 33s.
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 [INFO] Total time:  15:45 min
 [INFO] Finished at: 2023-12-01T17:00:21+08:00
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 15:45 min [INFO] Finished at: 2023-12-01T17:00:21+08:00 
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

可以看出java在云原生大环境下已经取得了不错的进步的

参考资料

[1]spring.io/blog/2023/0…: https://spring.io/blog/2023/09/09/all-together-now-spring-boot-3-2-graalvm-native-images-java-21-and-virtual

[2]start.spring.io/: https://start.spring.io/

芋道源码 —— 纯源码解析博客

SpringBoot3.2 + jdk21 + GraalVM上手体验

快速体验（二进制部署）

快速体验（jar部署）

对比golang

对比Rust

结论